The Pursuit of Educating

cats
The bookstore cats lounging among GBM’s shelves

Each bookstore owner has a definition of literature promoted in his or her shop. For example, in Parnassus on Wheels, the fictional bookseller Roger Mifflin has his own interpretation of literature’s function in society. The character believes that the book is meant to enlighten, enrich, and connect its audience, stating, “there is none so grateful as the man to whom you have given just the book his soul needed and he never knew it” (Morley).  In conjunction with this interpretation, many believe that the bookstore should be a place for people to learn which literature should be read and which has less value. Such was the belief possessed by Frances Steloff, who owned and operated Gotham Book Mart for forty seven years. Steloff fits this mold by influencing her customers to read what she sees as “real literature” in her shop.  Steloff’s focus on modernist literature, which experimented with new styles and concepts, clashed with her Orthodox Jewish background. Steloff’s ultimate goal was to develop the book into a higher form of art and to educate those around her, which parallels her personal history as well as her business plan at GBM.

Frances Steloff in front of Gotham at its third location in the Diamond District
Frances Steloff in front of GBM at its third location in the Diamond District.

Gotham Book Mart was a hub for avant garde literature, in addition to being  a center of culture. There were many factors that contributed to the success, popularity, and importance of Gotham Book Mart.  Some of these include the literary climate of the early- and mid-20th century, its locations in the heart of New York City, the demand for banned books, as well as the need for a location for authors and artists to congregate.  Frances  Steloff, however, stands above these factors as being integral to the success of GBM.  It  would be misguided to suggest that one person could be the sole cause of Gotham’s success; there were many ingredients that went into the mix. However, Steloff’s combination of ambition, persistence, and business-savvy was the kingpin that held the pieces in place. Even after she sold Gotham Book Mart in 1967, the spirit of her bookshop largely remained the same.

Steloff was born in 1887 to a poor Jewish immigrant family in Saratoga Springs, NY. She attended school until the the seventh grade, when she was removed in order to work for a family in the Boston area. Although Steloff’s education ceased, her family kept her intellectually occupied by exposing her to literature.  Her father, for example, was a lover of literature who passed his passion onto her.  Steloff’s father loved books and would pour over them for hours.  There is no doubt that this father fostered his daughter’s passion for reading with his behavior (Rodgers 30).   Even when she was a child, Steloff’s relationship with books was certainly one of love and not solely function.

As if inspired by the strong female characters in the classic novels Steloff read after being pulled out of school, she left her family at the age of twenty to move to New York City.  Steloff often turned to these strong women during her childhood, where she was faced “adult experiences before she ever entered the teens” (24).  These literary and tragic moments “taught her to be independent” (24).  By the time she was able to escape her family in Boston and move in with her aunt in New York City, it was 1907.  The city itself provided her with  a job selling corsets in Loeser’s Department Store.

gotham front
An artist’s rendering of the culture center that was GBM

The break in her education, the inheritance of a passion for literature, and her experience working at Loeser’s, as well as various publishing houses, inspired Steloff to open Gotham Book Mart in 1920. GBM’s first location, a basement-apartment-turned-store at the heart of New York City’s Theater District, became a defining learning experience for Steloff.   Not only did she learn about various elements of theater by reading each book that she had in her stock, she also learned to base her business plan —from inventory to events—off of her customers.

Gotham_Book_Mart_Wise_Men_Fish_Here_Sign
GBM’s iconic sign harps back to the store’s culture of enlightening customers

GBM’s customers, like Steloff, cherished books on an intellectual and perhaps even spiritual level, instead of just in a utilitarian sense. Often, Steloff purchased the last of someone’s print run and stored those books in the cellar of her shop.  She would keep them in storage until enough people deemed them valuable enough to purchase. Books weren’t valued for their practical worth, but for their literary value or ability to enlighten the reader. In this way, books were only valuable if someone ascribed value to them.   In the same way her family members were literary guides to her, she was a guide to her customers.  This role allowed for Gotham Book Mart to be so successful that it had to take on a newer, bigger location.

Gotham Book Mart spent three years at its second location on 45th St., where it erected its famous “Wise Men Fish Here” sign. This location was also where the tradition of Gotham Book Mart’s “garden parties” started.  They began as a series of lectures but eventually became occasions for book releases.  While Steloff quickly outgrew this location, her focus on educating her customers through modernist literature continued to define her business.  This was not an easy task for a woman entrepreneur during this time, but can be compared to experiences of other female bookstore owners, such as Madge Jenison.  Both Jenison and Steloff opened their bookstores in New York in the 1920s.  In Madge Jenison’s Sunwise Turn, she talks about this same drive to influence the habits of customers and establish a bookstore.  Madge Jenison’s bookstore, like GBM, was a place where people flocked, with the aim of becoming a part of an enlightened atmosphere.   This modern-enlightened feel was emphasized by GBM’s contemporary inventory.

The traditions that GBM established in its first two locations carried over to its third location on 47th St. when it moved in 1946.  This sparkling address in the Diamond District was where the store called home the longest.  When she moved to the bigger and more spacious building in the heart of Manhattan’s Diamond District, her Jewish heritage became an advantage. When the German Nazis invaded the Netherlands as well as Belgium, thousands of Orthodox Jews fled to the United States and brought their diamond businesses with them when they settled in Manhattan. After fleeing from her Jewish heritage as a young woman, Steloff found herself surrounded by a Jewish community once again after moving GBM into the Diamond District.  Although there’s no evidence that she attempted to connect with this community, neighboring Jewish store owners were welcoming to the female, Jewish small business owner.


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The new, spacious building was physically larger, but it remained stacked high with books. Additionally, the shop was still a meeting place and sanctuary for literary minds.  The homey, yet educated atmosphere created a type of safe haven, a sanctuary, in which readers and writers were able to escape mainstream literature in an effort to further enlighten themselves with contemporary, repressed books.

Steloff’s childhood influences were apparent in the layout of GBM’s third location. The sanctuary was organized into three categories: new, secondhand, and rare. New books were displayed towards the front of the store.  These were typically literary magazines or books by new artists that Steloff believed in and thought deserving of some help in starting their careers. Meanwhile, rare books were kept in a locked case, and customers weren’t allowed to open the case or handle the books without employee supervision. Keeping “high value” books in cases and not allowing people to touch them was a tradition Steloff learned from her father.  When she was a child, her father “forbid her” to touch the books he saw as having a high value, and also kept them in a case for his own use.  While her father’s shelved books were religious, such as the Torah (29), Steloff placed this value on contemporary literature.

Along with contemporary literature, Steloff firmly believed in stocking banned or censored books. These books wouldn’t have necessarily been the kind of books that were read or promoted by the typical Jewish woman. Steloff, though, was by no means typical, and put herself on the line with the law for the kind of literature she believe should have a chance to be read, regardless of its controversial content.

According to Brown, there is a difference in value between what he calls ‘objects’ and ‘things.’ Those who frequented GBM, such as W.H. Auden, Marianne Moore, and Dylan Thomas, would consider books to be objects as opposed to things because “as they circulate through our lives, we look through objects (to see what they disclose about history, society, nature, or culture-above all, what they disclose about us), but we only catch a glimpse of things” (Brown 4). Books can be used in order to look deeper into ourselves and to understand something about society that we can’t get elsewhere.  Therefore, the book collector/purveyor has “a relationship to objects which does not emphasize their functional, utilitarian value—that is, their usefulness—but studies and loves them as the scene, the stage, of their useful fate” (Benjamin 60).  During her adulthood Steloff, then, was seen as the director who showed customers the books in which he or she could find this insight.

Gotham_Book_Mart
A display of “censored” books at the third location of GBM.

Additionally, Steloff was deeply invested in fostering the growth and promotion of up-and-coming artists—she shared Tebbel’s belief that “as the middle [wo]man…the bookseller is not only the conduit between author and audience, but in the conduct of business [she] is in a position to influence that relationship profoundly, whether for good or ill” (17). Steloff thought of literature as knowledge that connected people, catering to intellectual thinkers and societies. This speaks to the culture that GBM also embodied.  This culture being that the customer should be enlightened by the literature he or she discovers in the store.  In order to accomplish this, Steloff saw herself as a guide to introduce what she considered “real” literature.

Today, the narrow building at 41 W. 47th Street in the Diamond district is no longer Gotham Book Mart, but continues to cater to the community’s needs.  GBM’s former location hosts a jewelry store and a kosher Middle Eastern restaurant.  The success of these businesses parallels the area’s demographic, which is mostly Jewish white-collar workers. The reason these workers reside and shop in the district is its close vicinity, a two block walk, to Rockefeller Center, Madison Avenue, and Bryant Park.  These locations are like where this population works.  As a restaurant and jewelry store, GBM’s former location continues to act as a place of service.  However, instead of serving education, it provides food and jewelry.  The Middle Eastern restaurant advertises “speedy service,” which fits the needs of business people in need of fast service, close to work during their brief lunch breaks.  Meanwhile, the diamond store provides a place for white-collar workers and tourists to purchase fine jewelry.  To this day, the building hosts small businesses with Jewish owners.


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Young women at a booksigning in GBM, a part of the literary connections Steloff wanted to promote.

Altogether, GBM’s culture of serving customers via enlightenment and education found in books spotlights the reason for the bookstore’s early success that started at the first location.   GBM was “the material setting for social relations-the actual shape of place with which people conduct their lives as individuals… It is clear that places almost always have a concrete form…  Places then, are material things” (Cresswell 7).  In that way, it became a place where people could come together for social interactions and learning.  Truly, GBM was a community and “a physical place and a set of ideals juxtaposed to the world…implies social bonds based on effective ties and mutual support” (Miller 119).  Customers in societies, as well as Steloff herself, supported each other’s learning in this social space.  Due to this mutual support between Steloff and her customers, GBM was able to be successful.  Upon opening her first store, Steloff asked a dear friend how she would know what books to sell.  His reply was one that created GBM’s definition of literature, and ultimately the culture of her bookstore: “Your customers will educate you.”  This advice, and lifelong pursuit of education, shaped Steloff’s role as well as the purpose, culture, and goals of GBM.

 

Sources

Book / Articles

Brown, Bill. “Thing Theory.” Critical Inquiry Vol. 28, No. 1. p 1-22.

Cresswell, Tim. Place: A Short Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 2004. Print.

Madge Jenison. The Sunwise Turn.

Miller, Laura J. Reluctant Capitalists: Bookselling and the Culture of Consumption. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Print.

Morley, Christopher. Parnassus on Wheels. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1955. Print.

Rogers, W. G. Wise Men Fish Here: The Story of Frances Steloff and the Gotham Book Mart. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965. Print.

Images in Text:

http://hc-blackmilk.xf.cz/gotham-book-mart

http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/bookseller-and-author-frances-steloff-standing-in-front-of-news-photo/50417272

http://www.tom-kerr.com/page7/files/8427563b14353959c98c6dd785248334-8.html

http://home.earthlink.net/~eichfr/photos.htm

Images in Timeline

Loeser’s <http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/dcb2c00310b93e48a857afbee77c70e1_1M.png>

“Wise Men…” <http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/83e49a7624ccfb61d1a79d2abb2b66a0_1M.png>

Joyce <http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/c6408d111cb5c59bc8455f5c6b6f4321_1M.png>

Store Closing <http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/380d3bed01747b007a0cc0488ecf3c75_1M.png>

UPenn Crest <http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/780042afcde03fd8c22b59da65057c81_1M.png>

 

Change and Permanence: Space and Objects in Gotham Book Mart

Space and Objects: An Evolution

The evolution of Gotham Book Mart (GBM) can be observed through examining the way in which the space of its locations, and the objects that inhabited these spaces, changed over time. More specifically, in this post I am going to compare GBM’s first location in the theater district to its third location on 47th St by observing the ways in which space and objects defined the store’s approach to book selling and the way in which it fostered a community of people passionate about books and literature.

A Cozy, Humble Shop

Prior to Frances Steloff opening GBM in 1920, she had had experience in the world of publishing but very little background in business and book selling. As a result, her venture into the world of book selling was an experiment, one that took a number of trials and errors in order for her to become successful. From the start, Steloff faced issues of space and inventory with the shop. For starters, the shop itself was not very large, which limited Steloff’s options for managing the space. Additionally, Steloff’s initial inventory of books was small, especially for a store where the primary products were books. Steloff, however, was able to overcome these challenges. Though her space was limited, she was able to use the shop’s cozy, humble atmosphere to her advantage. The shop was furnished to feel like a homey nook where the customer went not solely to purchase a product, but to enjoy the literature that she was purchasing. The front room contained “shelves, [a] fireplace flanked by two glass-enclosed cases,…and [a] long table running down the middle” (Rodgers 77), as well as “a rocker, three straight chairs, a typewriter with an oilcloth hood, a few framed pictures” (60). Steloff transformed the humble space into a homey, welcoming environment. As Benjamin declares of book collectors—which I believe is aptly applicable to booksellers—Steloff was developing “a relationship to objects which does not emphasize their functional, utilitarian value…but studies and loves them as the scene, the stage, of their fate” (Benjamin 60). Steloff was no longer simply selling a product but an experience. The challenges associated with GBM’s limited stock of books were also circumvented through Steloff’s style of running the shop. Steloff allowed customers to peruse her collection of books at their discretion, and did not attempt to direct the traffic of customers. The space of the shop reflects this: there are no aisles to confine the customer, but rather an open space in which the customer can roam at her leisure. Steloff understood that, as a novice book seller, she had a lot to learn from her customers and their tastes, so she let them navigate through the shop as they pleased. GBM’s customer base at its first location, which was in the heart of the theater district, was largely made up of people associated with the stage; as a result, Steloff began to stock dramatic literature and texts related to theater. Due to “her customers educat[ing] her,” writes Rodgers, “not preference but haphazard pressures1 turned her into a specialist in two profitable fields: art and theater” (74). Steloff’s customer’s responded favorably to her effort to adapt to their tastes. Rodgers relays the following anecdote in support of this: “A handsome young fellow stood staring into her three by three front window…He spoke first: ‘How much for the theater costume book spread open in her display case?’ It was her most expensive single volume. She hardly dared to answer: ‘It’s fifteen dollars.’” Despite the steep price, the young man purchased the whole collection without hesitation.
Mastery of the Trade

Comparing the space of GBM’s first location in the theater district to its third, and most successful, location on 47th St draws sharp contrasts. The shop on 47th St “had about three times as much space” (Rodgers 179) as the second location, which itself was much larger than the first location. This larger space, combined with the twenty-five years of book selling experience that Steloff accrued prior to moving to 47th St., afforded her greater creative control over the stock, space, and layout of the shop than ever before. Compared to when she first opened GBM, Steloff’s relationship with the customer had achieve a sort of balance: she still paid attention to the taste of the customer, but it no longer dictated the space and inventory of the shop—rather, Steloff was able to exercise her impact and influence to help shape customer’s taste in return. The space of the store on 47th St., unlike the first location, was divided into aisles that were flanked with bookshelves. This arrangement of bookshelves gave the store on 47th St. a greater sense of “place” by “carving out ‘permanences’ from the flow of processes creating spatio-temporality” (Cresswell 57). These “permanences”—or bookshelves—were “not eternal but always subject to time as ‘perpetually perishing’” (Cresswell 57)—i.e., the books on the shelves were constantly being sold, restocked, and updated. The customer could still roam at her leisure, but the aisles and categorization inventory directed the traffic of the shop. For example, Steloff devoted a bookshelf at the front of the store to small literary magazines and up-and-coming authors’ first works—her way of promoting literature that her customers may not be familiar with but that deserves attention.

In addition to manipulating the internal structure of the store, Steloff took advantage of the back courtyard to hold readings and garden parties to promote new publications and foster a strong community that bonded over books. Steloff was not shy about applying structural ‘permanences’ to the space of the courtyard as well: as opposed to leaving an open space for people to mingle freely while socializing, she constructed rows of tables displaying books to circumscribe and border the interactions.

Steloff’s ambitions to shape the perspective of those who came in contact with GBM was not limited to customers who physically entered the store. Rather, Steloff was willing to use the space and objects of her store to make an impression on the world outside. For example, the front display window often contained controversial literature, which was meant to intrigue and provoke passersby. GBM was also known for carrying banned or censored literature, which eventually drew the attention of the authorities and resulted in a run-in with the law for GBM. From the arrangement of bookshelves to the acts of protest against censorship, the evolution of GBM from its inception through its hey-day reflects the way in which space and objects—concepts that we hardly consider on a day-to-day basis, and when we do, think of as innocuous—can have a major impact on the world within and without.

 

 

1I.e., the tastes and whims of her customers.

 

 

Works Cited
Benjamin, Walter, Hannah Arendt, and Harry Zohn. Illuminations. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968. Print.
Cresswell, Tim. Place: A Short Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2004. Print.
Rogers, W. G. Wise Men Fish Here: The Story of Frances Steloff and the Gotham Book Mart. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965.               Print.

 

Your Customers Will Educate You

In late 1919 Frances Steloff came upon a vacant basement store front on 45th Street in New York City.  That day, she went into work at Fredrick Loeser’s Department store in the rare books section and told her boss, George Michke, that she was going to rent out the space and sell her own books. Upon saying this, she asked him what kind of books she should have in her shop, his reply became the format of her business plan for the following eighty six years: “Your customers will educate you” (Steloff 756).

Gotham Art and Book Mart was opened on January 1, 1920, at the once vacant storefront at 125 West 45th Street: “It was a brownstone English basement, three steps down, which was set back between two remodeled buildings” (Steloff 749).  The store was situated in the Theater District, more specifically beside Claire’s Dress Shop, across the street from Lyceum Theater, and a couple of doors away from the Hudson Theater.  Due to this location, the store’s primary customers were actors, musicians, artists, and those involved in performances.  Steloff gracefully adapted her store to this clientele in multiple ways.  One of these was to by adding books on theater, costume, and design to her inventory.  A second way was by changing her store hours to be from 8am to 12am, so actors and directors could stop by the shop for literature and conversation after work.  Third, Gotham Art and Book Mart began a mail-order business, in which second hand books could be mailed to reader’s homes across the country. This addition made business boom, thereby making the space too small for GBM’s inventory.

After outgrowing the first location, Gotham Art and Book Mart became Gotham Book Mart (GBM) on 51 West 47th Street. At this location, GBM gained a logo, as well as a reputation.

The logo “Wise Men Fish Here” followed GBM across each location.  The sign, created by artist John Held Jr, was made of cast-iron and hung outside of the second and third locations.  Not only did it become a way to remember the bookstore, but it served as a definition to what kind of customer Steloff had gained at her new location, educated and wise literature enthusiasts. In an effort to maintain these customers, Steloff began a variety of traditions that, like the sign, followed, as well as defined, GBM throughout each location.

butegotham1 One tradition was the start of GBM’s “fight for books accused of being obscene” (Hauptman 2). The bookstore was known to carry out-of-print and rare books, including those on the banned books list. While this attracted customers, it also caused tension with the New York Society Prevention of Vice in June of 1928. John S. Sumner, a representative of this organization, seized 500 of her “banned” books and fined her $250 for having them in stock. These books included Ulysses by James Joyce, Decameron by Giovanni Boccacio, and My Life and Loves by Frank Harris.  While having books taken off her shelves was an inconvenience, it became the start of a long tradition of new writers coming in to have their books sold at GBM. Multiple writers saw Steloff’s quick defense toward books she saw as valuable, and hoped she would think the same of their own. Steloff, and GBM, became a haven for writers, where they could write, publish, and read whatever they wanted. Soon, Steloff sponsored writers by providing them money to travel and write about their experiences. Once their books were complete, she referred them to publishers, and sold their work in her store. These writers included Theordore Dreiser, Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, Tennessee Williams, and Anais Nin, among others.
Another tradition was the creation of literary lectures, later turned garden parties. In 1930, Samuel Putnam gave a lecture at GBM to promote his magazine, New Review, which published contemporary French writers. Shortly after his lecture, other writers, publishers, and readers came to GBM to give and hear lectures and readings. Upon moving to the third location, these lectures turned into garden parties, held in the third locations yard, and art exhibitions held in the second level gallery. Some evenings also became host to “Writer and Artist Dinners,” with a 25 cent admission charge. These became GBM’s way to give back to the customer and literary community. GBM became a venue of education through this tradition. In addition, the frequent guests of the lectures and garden parties became close friends, and created a community within the bookstore. Although people within this community appreciated the conversation, it made some customers feel unwelcomed and unworthy. This was especially apparent in the third location.

The community that was carried over from the second location came to define the third location of GBM on 41 West 47th Street, the Diamond District of New York City. This location, purchased from Columbia University for $65,000, was much larger and had a backyard where Steloff could host her garden parties: “There GBM had a backyard with outside book stalls…it was open and spacious, with the… Building as a king of back-drop” (Morgan 743). The space increase allowed more people to come into the garden parties to speak and learn about writers. Many members of these parties soon became members of the James Joyce Society, which was founded at GBM’s third location. James Joyce Society was founded at Gotham Book Mart located on 41 West 45th Street. The secretary Philipp Lyman, and vice president William York Tindall, taught the first Joyce course at Columbia University. Steloff was the treasurer of this society, that met at her shop for its quarterly meetings. GBM built a reputation to have a “cult-like” following for James Joyce.

Steloff sold this location to Andeas Brown, a longtime book lover and GBM customer in 1967. Although she sold the shop, she continued to live in the apartment above it and work within it until her death at age 101. In 2001, the third location closed and Brown moved GBM again to 16 East 46th Street. Not only did this location lack the cast-iron side outside of the shop, but it dropped the name and became known as Gotham Book Mart & Gallery. Before Brown’s purchase of the location, it was home to H.P. Kraus Rare Book Store, images (1) which had gone out of business.  In order for Brown to afford the building, Leonard Lauder, the executive of Estee Lauder beauty company, bought it for $5.2 million and leased it to Brown. Unfortunately, in 2007 GBM closed due to financial trouble. Although many blame it on health problems faced by the new owner, some pin the problem on Barnes and Noble, which moved in around the corner soon after Brown’s move in 2001. Although GBM is closed, the communities created by this place, such as the James Joyce Society, continue to thrive. In addition, GBM’s $3 million book collection has been sold through a variety of actions. 200,000 books alone were purchased anonymously, and donated to the University of Pennsylvania library.

Businesses, like GBM, shape themselves around their clientele. By doing so, the businesses let themselves be defined by this locale: “By locale, Agnew means the material setting for social relations—the actual shape of place within which people conduct their loves as individuals” (Cresswell 7). GBM proved to do so by changing hours at the first location to fit the customers, in addition to expanding lectures and garden parties attracting upper-class customers in the second and third locations. GBM did not stop here.

Even more specific than a place, GBM developed a community. Community can be defined as “a physical place and a set of ideals juxtaposed to the world…implies social bonds based on effective ties and mutual support” (Miller 119). GBM did just that. It was a business that brought new writers and educated readers with common interests and purposes to a single location, then offering those consumers support by proving them with a “much needed public space” (Miller 122). A defining aspect of a community is how deep-routed it is in tradition: “Community evokes a past steeped in tradition as opposed to a constantly changing present” (Miller 119). GBM’s foundations in tradition support the independent bookstore as a community. Taking it step further, it spotlights the idea that communities are defined by the people conducting their lives around them, and in that way communities preserve traditions of the past, while serving consumers of the future.

 

Sources:

Timeline—

Created on:

dipity.com

Photography from:

www.freerepublic.com

www.thepickygirl.com

www.newyorkboundbooks.com

http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1969-08-16#folio=023

www.flashpointmag.com

joycesociety.org

 

 

Additional Photography—

www.nytimes.com

bookpatrol.tumblr.com

 

 

Text—

Cresswell, Tim. Place: A Short Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 2004.

Hauptman, Robert and Joseph Rosenblum. “Frances Steloff.” American Book Collectors and Bibliograohers: Second Series. Ed. Joseph Rosenblum. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Dictionary of Literary Biograohy Vol. 187. Literature Resource Center, 1-3.

Miller, Laura J. Reluctant Capitalists: Bookselling and the Culture of Consumption. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.

Morgan, Kathleen. ”Frances Steloff and the Gotham Book Mart.” Journal of Modern Literature, Vol. 4, No. 4, Special Gotham Book Mart Issue: Indiana University Press, 1975. 740-745.

Steloff, Frances. ”In Touch with Genius.” Journal of Modern Literature, Vol. 4, No. 4, Special Gotham Book Mart Issue: Indiana University Press, 1975. 749-756.